Male Infertility: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment for Improved Fertility

Male infertility is often overlooked in fertility assessments, with greater attention typically placed on female factors. The availability of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) has made it possible for men with very low sperm counts to father children, reducing the focus on improving male fertility naturally. However, addressing male reproductive health remains crucial for better treatment outcomes and overall well-being.

Common Causes of Male Infertility

Male infertility can result from medical conditions, genetic predispositions, or lifestyle factors, and identifying these causes is essential for targeted treatment.

• Impaired blood circulation in testicular veins – Enlarged veins in the scrotum, known as varicocele, can increase testicular temperature, affecting sperm development and function.
• Disruptions in hormone levels – Fluctuations in testosterone and other reproductive hormones, classified as hormonal imbalance, may lead to reduced sperm production and motility.
• Inherited reproductive disorders – Certain chromosomal abnormalities, linked to genetic factors, can impact sperm formation, limiting fertility potential.
• Damage from past infections – Conditions such as testicular inflammation or sexually transmitted diseases, categorized under previous infections, may impact sperm quality or reduce sperm viability.
• Structural defects in sperm DNA – Abnormalities in genetic material, referred to as sperm DNA fragmentation, can compromise fertilisation success and embryo quality.
• Unhealthy lifestyle habits – Poor diet, excessive alcohol intake, smoking, and prolonged exposure to high temperatures, grouped as lifestyle factors, can significantly lower sperm count and motility.

A comprehensive evaluation is necessary to determine the underlying cause and guide treatment options.

Male Infertility as a Health Indicator

Infertility in men may be the first sign of an undiagnosed medical condition. For example:

• Low sperm count or absence of sperm can sometimes indicate an undetected cancer.
• Erectile dysfunction may be an early symptom of cardiovascular disease.
• Hormonal deficiencies affecting fertility can also impact bone health, metabolism, and overall energy levels.

Because male fertility is closely linked to general health, seeking medical evaluation is essential not only for conception but also for identifying potential health concerns.

Treatment Options for Male Infertility

The approach to treatment depends on the specific cause of infertility. Available options include:

• Hormonal Therapy – Medications can help regulate testosterone and other hormones affecting sperm production.
• Surgical Treatment – Procedures such as varicocelectomy (removal of enlarged veins) or sperm retrieval directly from the testis may be required.
• Lifestyle Modifications – Weight management, dietary changes, smoking cessation, and reducing heat exposure around the testis can improve sperm health.

ICSI remains an effective technique for severe male infertility, but addressing sperm quality naturally can improve fertilisation rates and the long-term health of resulting embryos.

Consult a Male Fertility Specialist

Men experiencing fertility issues should seek evaluation from a male fertility specialist for a personalised and holistic approach to treatment. Addressing male reproductive health can enhance fertility treatment outcomes and contribute to overall well-being. For an assessment and tailored treatment plan, contact our specialits today.

Meet Our Fertility Specialists

Dr Chua Ka-Hee

Consultant Obstetrician & Gynaecologist, Fertility Specialist

MBBS (Singapore), MRCOG (UK)